The headlines suggest inflation is improving. Yet many Colorado homeowners would be forgiven for wondering whether they somehow missed the good news. Their homeowners insurance renewal arrives with another premium increase. Their monthly escrow payment climbs because property taxes have skyrocketed. Utility bills continue creeping upward, homeowners associations announce another dues increase, and a contractor quotes $18,000 to replace a roof that might have cost half that amount only a few years ago.
For prospective buyers, the disconnect feels even greater. They may find a home listed at roughly the same price as one that sold several years ago, but the monthly payment is dramatically higher because the cost of financing has changed. The result is a growing gap between what the economic headlines report and what families actually experience when they sit down each month to pay their bills.
If inflation has slowed, why does owning a home still feel more expensive than ever?
The answer begins with understanding what inflation actually measures. Inflation tracks the rate at which prices change over time. It does not tell us whether prices have returned to where they were before inflation accelerated. At the same time, many of the largest costs associated with homeownership are influenced by factors that have little connection to the monthly inflation report. Mortgage rates, insurance premiums, property taxes, utility infrastructure, labor costs and building materials each follow their own economic forces, and they often continue rising long after headline inflation has moderated.
That distinction is particularly important in Colorado. Homeowners are not imagining the financial pressure they feel, and buyers are not simply becoming more cautious. The cost of financing, insuring, maintaining and owning a home has genuinely increased over the past several years, even as inflation has retreated from its highest levels. Understanding why helps explain not only today’s housing market but also where Colorado home prices may be headed over the next year.
Inflation Is Slowing, but Colorado Housing Costs Are Still Rising
One of the most common misconceptions in today’s economy is the belief that lower inflation should lead to lower prices. Economically, those are two very different concepts.
Consider a simple example. Suppose a collection of household expenses totals $100. After one year of 10 percent inflation, those expenses increase to $110. The following year, inflation slows to 3 percent. Many people instinctively assume that the total should begin moving back toward $100. Instead, those same expenses rise again to $113.30. Inflation fell dramatically, but the overall price level continued climbing.
That example captures the reality facing millions of homeowners today. Several years of elevated inflation permanently raised the cost of many goods and services that households depend upon. Even though inflation has slowed, homeowners continue paying higher insurance premiums, larger utility bills, more expensive repair costs and increased property taxes because those earlier price increases remain embedded in the economy.
Recent government data reinforce this point. The Consumer Price Index declined 0.4 percent during June 2026, primarily because gasoline prices fell during the month. Nevertheless, overall consumer prices remained 3.5 percent higher than one year earlier, while core inflation, which excludes food and energy, also remained positive (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2026).
https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cpi_07142026.htm
The Federal Reserve’s preferred inflation measure tells a similar story. The Personal Consumption Expenditures Price Index increased 4.1 percent over the twelve months ending in May 2026, while the core PCE index rose 3.4 percent (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2026).
https://www.bea.gov/news/2026/personal-income-and-outlays-may-2026
The conclusion is straightforward. Inflation has moderated substantially from its peak, but the higher price level established during the past several years remains. For homeowners, that distinction matters far more than the latest monthly headline because it is the accumulated cost of ownership, rather than a single inflation reading, that determines whether a household budget feels manageable.
Why Colorado Homeowners Experience Inflation Differently
National inflation statistics describe the average consumer, but no homeowner actually lives in an average set of circumstances. Every household experiences its own version of inflation depending upon where it lives, how it finances its home and what costs it faces throughout the year.
A retired couple who paid off their mortgage years ago experiences a very different financial reality than a young family purchasing its first home with a large mortgage at today’s interest rates. A homeowner in the mountains may see insurance premiums increase because of wildfire exposure, while a homeowner along the Front Range may experience repeated hail-related claims. Condominium owners often face rising homeowners association dues driven by increasing master insurance premiums, reserve funding requirements and deferred maintenance projects that affect the entire community.
Housing costs also differ from many other household expenses because they are difficult to avoid. Consumers can postpone purchasing a new television, delay a vacation or switch to a less expensive grocery brand. They cannot realistically avoid paying property taxes, homeowners insurance, utility bills or replacing a furnace in the middle of winter. These expenses arrive whether families are financially prepared or not, making housing inflation feel far more personal than many other categories measured by the Consumer Price Index.
Why Colorado Homebuyers and Homeowners Are Living in Two Different Housing Markets
One of the defining characteristics of today’s real estate market is that current homeowners and prospective buyers are effectively living in two different financial environments.
Millions of existing homeowners refinanced or purchased homes when mortgage rates hovered near historic lows. For many of these families, their monthly principal and interest payment has remained relatively stable. That does not mean their housing costs have stopped rising. Instead, the pressure has shifted toward homeowners insurance, property taxes, utilities, homeowners association dues and ongoing maintenance. The mortgage itself may no longer be the primary financial challenge, but virtually every other ownership expense continues to move higher.
Buyers, however, face an entirely different equation because they must absorb all of those increasing ownership costs while also financing their purchase at today’s substantially higher mortgage rates. According to Freddie Mac, the average 30-year fixed mortgage rate was 6.55 percent on July 16, 2026 (Freddie Mac, 2026).
https://www.freddiemac.com/pmms
The financial consequences are significant. Financing a $500,000 mortgage at 3 percent produces a monthly principal-and-interest payment of approximately $2,108. At 6.55 percent, that same loan requires a monthly payment of roughly $3,177. The difference is nearly $1,070 every month, or almost $12,800 each year, before property taxes, insurance, HOA dues, utilities and maintenance are even considered.
The home itself has not become larger or more luxurious. The neighborhood has not necessarily become more desirable. The cost of financing has simply changed, dramatically altering affordability. This explains why many buyers continue feeling priced out even in markets where home prices have stabilized or experienced only modest adjustments.
Colorado magnifies this challenge because home values remain well above the national average. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the median value of an owner-occupied home in Colorado is approximately $539,400, and above $600,000 in the Denver Metro area, meaning even relatively small changes in mortgage rates have an outsized impact on monthly affordability compared with many lower-priced states (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.).
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CO/PST045225
Why Colorado Housing Affordability Continues to Deteriorate Despite Slower Inflation
One of the most common mistakes buyers make is focusing almost exclusively on the purchase price while underestimating the long-term cost of ownership. Experienced homeowners understand that the monthly mortgage payment represents only one component of a much larger financial picture.
The true cost of owning a home includes principal and interest, property taxes, homeowners insurance, mortgage insurance when applicable, homeowners association dues, utilities, routine maintenance and the inevitable capital improvements that every property requires over time. These expenses rarely move together. Mortgage rates may stabilize while insurance premiums continue climbing. Property values may flatten while tax assessments increase. Energy prices may decline even as utility infrastructure costs move higher.
As a result, homeowners can feel increasing financial pressure even when inflation headlines appear encouraging. That experience is supported by national data rather than anecdotal observations. The U.S. Census Bureau reported that inflation-adjusted median monthly owner costs for households with a mortgage increased between 2023 and 2024, demonstrating that homeownership became more expensive even after accounting for inflation (U.S. Census Bureau, 2025).
https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025/acs-1-year-estimates.html
This finding is particularly important because it confirms that homeowners are responding to genuine increases in their cost of ownership rather than simply reacting emotionally to economic headlines.
Why Colorado Property Taxes Keep Rising Even as Inflation Slows
Property taxes often generate confusion because many homeowners naturally assume they should rise and fall with inflation. Colorado’s system works very differently.
A property tax bill is determined by the interaction of actual property value, the assessment rate established under state law and the local mill levy imposed by the various taxing authorities serving that property. Counties, municipalities, school districts, fire districts and numerous special districts all contribute to the final calculation.
Since the repeal of the Gallagher Amendment, Colorado’s property-tax system has undergone several legislative revisions intended to balance homeowner relief with the funding needs of local governments. Senate Bill 24-233 and House Bill 24B-1001 revised residential assessment rates and valuation reductions in an effort to moderate tax increases while maintaining essential public services (Colorado General Assembly, 2024).
https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-233
https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb24b-1001
Those legislative changes reduced what many homeowners otherwise would have owed, but they did not guarantee that every property owner would see a lower tax bill. Rising property values, changing mill levies and locally approved tax measures can still produce higher annual taxes despite statewide relief efforts.
The key point is that Colorado homeowners are not simply paying for inflation. They are paying the combined effect of changing market values, statutory assessment formulas, local mill levies and voter-approved obligations. Those forces operate independently of the monthly inflation report, helping explain why many families continue feeling mounting financial pressure even as inflation moderates.
Property taxes, however, are only part of the story. For many Colorado homeowners, the fastest-growing and least predictable ownership expense is increasingly becoming homeowners insurance, and that trend may have the greatest influence on housing affordability over the next decade.
The next surprise often arrives quietly.
A homeowner opens an insurance renewal expecting a modest adjustment, only to discover the annual premium has increased by hundreds, or even thousands, of dollars. A few weeks later, the homeowners association announces another dues increase to replenish reserves after the community’s master insurance policy renewed at a substantially higher cost. Then comes an estimate to replace an aging roof. The contractor’s price is far higher than expected, not because anyone is trying to take advantage of the homeowner, but because nearly every component involved in rebuilding has become more expensive.
None of these costs appear in a home’s listing price. Yet together they are reshaping what it actually costs to own real estate in Colorado.
Why Homeowners Insurance Has Become a Colorado Real Estate Issue
For decades, homeowners insurance was often viewed as a routine expense. Buyers compared premiums, selected a policy, and rarely gave it another thought unless they filed a claim. That assumption is becoming increasingly outdated.
Across Colorado, insurers have faced mounting losses from severe hailstorms, destructive wildfires, rising reconstruction costs, and increasingly expensive claims. The result has been higher premiums, stricter underwriting standards, larger deductibles, and, in some cases, insurers reducing their exposure in higher-risk areas. While conditions vary significantly by carrier and location, many homeowners have discovered that obtaining affordable coverage is no longer automatic. (Colorado Division of Insurance, 2025; Insurance Information Institute, 2025).
The Marshall Fire illustrates why insurers have become more cautious. The fire destroyed more than 1,000 structures in Boulder County and became one of the most expensive disasters in Colorado history. At the same time, communities along the Front Range continue to experience some of the nation’s highest concentrations of damaging hailstorms. These events have forced insurers to reevaluate risk across broad portions of the state rather than focusing only on isolated neighborhoods. (Colorado Division of Fire Prevention and Control, 2024; Insurance Information Institute, 2025).
For homeowners, however, the premium itself is only part of the story.
Many policies now carry percentage-based wind and hail deductibles instead of fixed-dollar deductibles. Rather than paying a $1,500 deductible after a major storm, some homeowners may be responsible for one or even two percent of the insured value of the home before insurance begins paying benefits. On a home insured for $800,000, that could translate into an out-of-pocket expense of $8,000 to $16,000 following a single hail event.
Coverage itself also deserves closer attention. Some policies settle claims using Actual Cash Value (ACV) for certain components, while others provide Replacement Cost Value (RCV) coverage. The difference can be substantial. Under ACV, depreciation is deducted from the claim payment, meaning an older roof may only be partially covered. Replacement cost policies generally pay the cost of replacing damaged property with materials of similar quality, subject to policy terms and deductibles. For homeowners who have not reviewed their coverage in several years, that distinction may only become apparent after a loss occurs.
These insurance changes increasingly affect real estate transactions as well.
Mortgage lenders require borrowers to maintain adequate hazard insurance throughout the life of the loan. If coverage becomes unavailable or insufficient, financing may be delayed or, in extreme circumstances, jeopardized altogether. Buyers are also becoming more likely to request insurance quotes before removing contingencies, particularly in wildfire-prone mountain communities or neighborhoods with repeated hail claims. Insurance, once viewed primarily as a financial planning issue, has become an important component of a property’s marketability.
The economic implications extend beyond individual homeowners. Rising insurance costs increase monthly escrow payments, reduce purchasing power, and make ownership less affordable even when home prices remain relatively stable. In other words, slowing inflation has done little to relieve one of the fastest-growing costs associated with owning a home.
Why HOA Dues Are Rising Across Colorado Communities
Few letters generate as much frustration as a notice announcing higher homeowners association dues. Yet the increase is frequently a symptom of broader economic realities rather than poor financial management.
Consider a condominium community built twenty years ago. The roofs are nearing the end of their useful life. Exterior painting is overdue. Asphalt requires resurfacing. The association’s master insurance policy renews at a substantially higher premium after several costly hail claims in the region. Meanwhile, reserve studies indicate that previous boards postponed contributions for years in an effort to keep dues artificially low.
The current board faces an uncomfortable choice.
It can continue underfunding reserves and risk imposing large special assessments in the future, or it can increase monthly dues now to place the community on firmer financial footing.
Increasingly, responsible associations are choosing the latter.
Insurance premiums have become one of the largest budget items for many associations, but they are hardly the only one. Labor shortages have increased landscaping and maintenance contracts. Replacement materials cost more than they did only a few years ago. Roofing projects, elevator repairs, concrete restoration, plumbing infrastructure, and snow removal have all experienced cost pressures tied to inflation, supply chains, and labor availability. These higher operating expenses eventually find their way into HOA budgets. (Community Associations Institute, 2025; National Association of Home Builders, 2025).
Ironically, one of the most attractive features for buyers, a remarkably low HOA fee, may sometimes deserve additional scrutiny.
Exceptionally low dues can indicate that reserves are not being adequately funded or that major capital projects are being deferred. While every association is different, reserve studies exist for a reason. Roofs, siding, parking lots, boilers, elevators, and other common elements wear out regardless of economic conditions. Delaying those expenses rarely eliminates them. It often makes them larger.
Well-managed associations recognize this reality. Higher dues are never popular, but in many cases they represent an effort to preserve property values by properly maintaining the community rather than allowing deferred maintenance to accumulate.
How Rising Construction Costs Are Supporting Colorado Home Prices
Imagine that a severe hailstorm destroys a home in suburban Denver. The structure can no longer be repaired economically, and rebuilding becomes the only realistic option.
Many homeowners assume rebuilding simply means reconstructing the same house they lost. The reality is considerably more expensive.
The contractor must pay today’s wages to skilled tradespeople, not the wages that existed when the home was originally built. Concrete, lumber, engineered wood products, steel, electrical components, plumbing materials, windows, roofing products, insulation, drywall, and HVAC equipment are all purchased at current market prices. Financing costs for builders remain elevated, while permit fees, impact fees, development costs, and insurance expenses have also increased across many Colorado communities. Even relatively small delays caused by permitting or labor shortages can add meaningful costs to a project. The cumulative effect is that rebuilding an existing home often costs significantly more than it did only a few years ago. (National Association of Home Builders, 2025).
This matters because replacement cost influences market value in ways many homeowners never consider.
When it becomes substantially more expensive to build a comparable new home, existing homes often become relatively more valuable. Buyers evaluating an established neighborhood are not simply comparing one resale home against another. They are also, whether consciously or not, comparing the asking price with what it would cost to purchase land, obtain approvals, finance construction, and build an equivalent home under today’s economic conditions.
That does not mean replacement cost guarantees rising home prices. Housing markets remain driven by supply and demand, local employment, financing conditions, and consumer confidence. However, replacement cost creates an important floor beneath many existing neighborhoods. If rebuilding a comparable property would cost considerably more than purchasing an existing one, sellers often gain additional pricing support, particularly in markets where inventory remains limited.
This helps explain one of today’s apparent contradictions. Homeowners may feel increasing financial pressure because insurance, maintenance, taxes, utilities, and repairs continue climbing. Yet the same economic forces pushing those ownership costs higher are also making it more expensive to create new housing. That relationship becomes even more important when examining why builders continue struggling to produce affordable homes across much of Colorado
Why Colorado Builders Still Cannot Produce Enough Affordable Housing
A young couple tours a newly constructed subdivision along Colorado’s Front Range. They appreciate the efficient floor plan, energy-efficient features, and modern finishes, but when they ask why there are so few homes priced for first-time buyers, the answer surprises them.
The builder would like to build more affordable homes. The economics simply do not allow it.
Homebuilding is ultimately a business governed by mathematics, not aspiration. Before construction even begins, developers must acquire land, navigate zoning and entitlement processes, finance the project, install roads and utilities, and absorb impact fees and permitting costs. Once construction starts, they face higher borrowing costs, persistent labor shortages, elevated material prices, insurance expenses, and carrying costs while homes are being completed. Every month a project is delayed adds additional financing costs that must eventually be reflected in the sales price.
The challenge is particularly acute in Colorado. Many desirable communities have limited developable land, complex entitlement processes, or infrastructure requirements that increase costs well before the first foundation is poured. At the same time, builders continue competing for skilled electricians, plumbers, HVAC technicians, framers, and other trades that remain in short supply nationwide. According to the National Association of Home Builders, regulatory costs alone account for a significant share of the final price of many new homes, while higher financing costs have further constrained production of entry-level housing (National Association of Home Builders, 2025).
The result is a difficult economic reality. A builder may be able to construct a luxury home with sufficient margins to justify the investment, while an entry-level home built on the same parcel may not generate enough return to offset rising costs and financial risk.
That imbalance has important implications for the broader housing market. When fewer affordable homes are built, first-time buyers increasingly compete for existing homes instead of new construction. Existing homeowners, meanwhile, have fewer replacement options when they decide to move. The shortage compounds over time, contributing to the inventory constraints that continue supporting prices in many Colorado communities.
Colorado is certainly building new housing, and policymakers, local governments, and private developers continue working to improve supply. Yet economists broadly agree that closing the housing deficit accumulated over many years will require sustained construction well beyond current production levels. Until supply catches up with long-term demand, affordability is likely to remain under pressure even if overall inflation continues moderating. (Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, 2025; National Association of Home Builders, 2025).
The Mortgage Lock-In Effect Is Reshaping Colorado’s Housing Market
Another homeowner faces a different dilemma.
After fifteen years in the same home, the family has outgrown the space. They would normally begin searching for a larger property. Instead, they decide to stay put.
The reason has little to do with the house itself.
Their current mortgage carries an interest rate just under 3 percent. Purchasing a comparable home at today’s rates could nearly double the interest portion of their monthly payment, even if the new home’s purchase price were similar. The mathematics are difficult to ignore.
Economists refer to this as the mortgage lock-in effect, and it has become one of the defining characteristics of today’s housing market. Research from the Federal Reserve has shown that homeowners with substantially below-market mortgage rates are significantly less likely to sell because replacing that financing would dramatically increase their monthly housing costs (Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, 2024).
This creates an unusual dynamic.
Higher mortgage rates unquestionably reduce the number of buyers who can qualify for a home purchase. That would normally place downward pressure on prices.
At the same time, those same higher rates discourage many existing homeowners from selling.
The result is fewer buyers entering the market—but also fewer homes coming onto the market.
Colorado illustrates this tension particularly well. Inventory has improved from the historic lows experienced during the pandemic housing boom, yet it remains constrained in many desirable communities relative to long-term historical norms. Existing homeowners continue holding mortgages with historically favorable interest rates, limiting resale inventory even as demand has moderated.
This helps explain why many local housing markets have experienced slower sales activity without experiencing the dramatic price declines some observers predicted when mortgage rates began rising. Supply and demand have weakened together.
Why Colorado’s Economy Continues to Support Long-Term Housing Demand
While affordability challenges receive much of the attention, it is equally important to recognize why Colorado continues attracting residents, employers, and investment.
The state’s economy has become increasingly diversified over the past two decades. Aerospace and defense remain major contributors, anchored by military installations and contractors throughout the Front Range. Technology companies continue maintaining significant operations in the Denver-Boulder corridor, while healthcare systems, bioscience, higher education, advanced manufacturing, and professional services provide additional economic stability. Emerging investment in artificial intelligence infrastructure and data-driven industries has further strengthened portions of Colorado’s technology ecosystem.
Colorado also continues benefiting from nationally recognized universities, an educated workforce, abundant recreational opportunities, and a quality of life that many households continue to value despite rising housing costs. Although migration patterns slowed during periods of elevated mortgage rates and economic uncertainty, Colorado has continued to experience population growth over the longer term, supporting underlying housing demand (Colorado State Demography Office, 2025; U.S. Census Bureau, 2025).
These strengths should not be interpreted as guarantees. Economic cycles remain inevitable, and housing markets always experience periods of adjustment. Some communities may see stronger appreciation than others, while certain price segments may remain under greater pressure depending on local inventory and employment conditions.
Nevertheless, Colorado’s long-term economic fundamentals continue distinguishing it from markets whose growth depended primarily on speculative demand.
Why Owning a Home in Colorado Still Feels More Expensive Than Ever
The answer, it turns out, has never been found in a single inflation report.
Homeownership today is influenced by an entire ecosystem of costs that often move independently of headline inflation. Mortgage rates affect financing. Insurance premiums reflect catastrophe risk and rebuilding costs. Property taxes respond to local valuation systems and public finance. HOA dues rise as communities confront aging infrastructure and higher operating expenses. Maintenance costs increase because labor and materials remain expensive. Utilities require continual investment in generation, transmission, and distribution systems.
Meanwhile, the very forces increasing the cost of ownership are also making it more expensive to build new homes.
Higher construction costs support replacement values. Limited affordable construction constrains inventory. Mortgage lock-in discourages existing homeowners from selling. Colorado’s diverse economy continues generating long-term housing demand.
These competing forces help explain one of the defining characteristics of today’s housing market.
Affordability can deteriorate even while home prices remain surprisingly resilient.
That distinction matters for homeowners making decisions about refinancing, renovations, insurance coverage, or whether to move. It matters for buyers deciding whether to continue waiting for dramatically lower prices that may never materialize. And it matters for policymakers attempting to improve affordability without overlooking the structural forces influencing housing supply.
For Colorado homeowners, the headlines about slowing inflation tell only part of the story. The true financial picture is written not in one monthly economic report but in the combined cost of financing, insuring, maintaining, rebuilding, and replacing a home. Until those structural pressures ease, many families will continue experiencing a housing market that feels considerably more expensive than the inflation rate alone would suggest.
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LEGAL DISCLAIMER: This publication is provided strictly for general informational and educational purposes and is based on data available as of July 20, 2026. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy and timeliness, no warranty, express or implied, is made as to the completeness, reliability, or future applicability of the information contained herein.
Nothing in this publication shall be construed or interpreted as legal, tax, investment, or financial advice. The author is not a licensed attorney, certified public accountant, tax advisor, investment advisor, or broker-dealer. Any references to legal, tax, regulatory, or investment matters are provided solely as non-specific, general commentary and do not address the circumstances of any individual or entity.
Readers are strongly urged to consult with their own qualified legal counsel, tax professional, investment advisor, or other licensed expert before making any business, financial, legal, real estate, or investment decision. Any reliance on the information provided herein is done solely at the reader’s own risk.
The views and opinions expressed are those of the author alone and do not necessarily represent the official policy, position, or endorsement of the publisher, any affiliated company, or any regulatory agency. Neither the author nor the publisher shall be liable for any loss, damage, or adverse consequence, whether direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential, arising from the use or reliance on this content.
Kato J. S. Mitchell is a Colorado-based real estate economist, broker, and investor with more than twenty-five years of experience operating across residential, commercial, and complex real estate transactions throughout the Denver Metro and Front Range. He serves as Operating Principal of Keller Williams Preferred Realty, leading one of the highest-performing and most disciplined real estate offices in the state of Colorado.
His work extends beyond individual transactions. Keller Williams Preferred Realty is built around a disciplined standard that directly benefits the client: every broker is trained to understand the risk, structure, and long-term consequences behind the advice they give. That means clients are not simply guided through a transaction. They are represented by professionals who can identify issues before they become problems and navigate complex situations, including post-closing occupancy, contract structure, and shifting market conditions, with clarity and precision that is not common in the broader market.
Mitchell is regularly engaged by clients, attorneys, and brokerages when transactions become complex, when risk is not fully understood, or when the cost of being wrong is simply too high. His role is to bring clarity to decisions that must hold up under pressure, not just at the closing table.
He is a 10+ year member of the Colorado Real Estate Commission Forms Committee and is frequently retained as an expert witness in real estate litigation involving fiduciary duties, contract structure, and transaction failure. That same standard of analysis is embedded into how agents within his organization are trained and how they advise their clients. “We create wealth through real estate, and help our clients safely navigate the transaction.”, states Mitchell.
He works selectively with clients, investors, and agents who value discipline, preparation, and long-term decision-making over speed. Those who choose to work within Keller Williams Preferred Realty do so with the expectation that the guidance they provide, and the decisions they help their clients make, will still hold up long after the transaction is complete.
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